Europolitics' staff contributed to this article on women EU Commissioners
Jean-Claude Juncker is losing patience. The political groups in the European Parliament are becoming threatening. All eyes are on the capitals, with one question: where are the women politicians who could be named European commissioners? Not all the member states - far from it -, which have sole responsibility for these decisions, seem resolved to play the hand of gender parity.
To date, 11 states have already named their candidate (Germany, Cyprus, Spain, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Slovakia) and all are men. For the 16 states left (Luxembourg being the exception with the designation of a man, Juncker), the designation of women candidates remains very uncertain.
Although politics in Europe is largely dominated by men, it would be very easy to reverse the trend. Europolitics' staff went out to talk to the experts and to collect and cross-check information. Today, it presents the result of this work: a list of 70 women perfectly worthy of becoming European commissioners.
The criteria for the list include education and political career. For each country, Europolitics opted for candidates close to governments or coalitions in office. The list would probably be twice as long if all potential candidates had been included, but pragmatism prevailed in the choices.
The result? The exercise brings to light the fact that it is apparently very difficult for women to emerge as political leaders in Hungary and Latvia. Apart from these two countries, the list is eloquent. Multilingual women, deputy prime ministers, ministers, senior officials, leading MPs: there is no lack of resources.
Nine women were appointed to the Barroso II Commission in 2009. Not all stood out during the last five years, but no one would argue that all their male colleagues will leave an indelible imprint either.
In any case, the choice exists and it is not too late to make it. The new Europe will not be built without new faces, including women's faces if possible. After all, more than half of Europeans are women.
Europolitics' list:
AUSTRIA
Doris Bures, 51 (SPÖ/S&D). Minister for transport, innovation and technology since 2008. She previously held the women, media and public service portfolio.
Maria Fekter, 58 (ÖVP/EPP). Nicknamed "the Austrian iron lady," she was the first woman ever named finance minister in her country, a job she held from 2011 to 2013. She currently sits in Austria's parliament.
Ursula Plassnik, 58 (ÖVP/EPP). Foreign minister from 2004 to 2008, Plassnik is Austria's ambassador to France today. The post of OSCE secretary-general slipped through her fingers in 2011 due to Turkey's veto over Plassnik's opposition to its entry in the Union.
NB: The Austrian government is constituted of a coalition (ÖVP/EPP- SPÖ/S&D) led by Werner Faymann (SPÖ). Outgoing Commissioner Johannes Hahn (regional policy) is already confirmed for a second term.
BELGIUM
Marianne Thyssen, 57 (CD&V/EPP). MEP since 2009 and former party leader, she is the favourite candidate to become a commissioner.
Maggie De Block, 52 (Open VLD/ALDE). Current state secretary for immigration and social inclusion, she was designated Woman of the Year in 2013 by the Belgian media.
Annemie Neyts, 70 (Open VLD/ALDE). MEP since 1994, she has been state secretary for the Brussels Region and junior foreign affairs minister.
Laurette Onkelinx, 55 (PS/S&D). First elected in 1987, she is a prominent player on the political scene. Currently deputy prime minister and minister for social affairs and health.
Annemie Turtelboom, 46 (Open VLD/ALDE). Former interior minister, she is minister for justice.
NB. Since the 25 May general elections, Belgium has had a caretaker government. The Flemish-Walloon dimension also influences the commissioner nomination. The outgoing Commissioner, Karel De Gucht (Flemish Liberal), is actively trying to remain in office (trade).
BULGARIA
Irina Bokova, 61 (Socialist). Elected director-general of UNESCO in 2009, she was re-elected in October 2013 for a second term. She has also served as ambassador to France and Monaco.
Zinaida Zlatanova, 40 (Socialist). The former head of the European Commission Delegation in Bulgaria, she was named vice-minister president and justice minister in the centre-left government in 2013.
NB: The outgoing Commissioner (cooperation and humanitarian aid), Kristalina Georgieva, 61, is also a favourite for a second term. But the name of former President Sergei Stanishev, president of the Party of European Socialists, is also being mentioned.
CROATIA
Vesna Pusić, 61 (HNS/ALDE). Currently minister of foreign affairs, she led her country’s membership negotiations with the EU.
NB. Neven Mimica, the outgoing commissioner (consumer protection), has been renominated for a new Commission term.
CYPRUS
Chrystalla Georghadji, 57. Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus, she has never held a ministerial post.
Stella Kyriakides, 49 (Democratic Rally Party -DISY). She has never been named as a minister but is a member of the Cypriot parliament. She is known for her expertise in social affairs and health.
Zeta Emilianidou, 42, a senior official at the Trade Ministry. She is currently minister for labour and social insurance.
NB: Outgoing Commissioner Androulla Vassiliou (education, youth and multilingualism) is expected to be replaced by the current government spokesman, Christos Stylianides.
CZECH REPUBLIC
Hana Marvanova, 51 (Liberal). She recently resigned as deputy justice minister and has been leader of the Czech Liberal party. She has a high political profile and strong background in legal and consumer affairs.
Vera Jourova, 49 (ANO). She has been minister for regional development since January 2014.
NB: Stefan Füle, the outgoing commissioner, is in charge of enlargement and neighbourhood policy.
DENMARK
Christine Antorini, 49 (SocDem). Minister for education since October 2011.
Karen Haekkerup, 40 (SocDem). Minister for justice since December 2013. Previous ministerial posts were in agriculture and social affairs.
NB: Outgoing Commissioner Connnie Hedegaard (climate action) has no chance of being reappointed because of a change of government.
ESTONIA
Laine Randjärv, 49 (Reform Party). The former mayor of Tartu, like Andrus Ansip, who appointed her as minister of culture (from 2007 to 2011), she currently serves as vice-president of Estonia's parliament.
NB: Former Prime Minister Ansip has already been named to replace Siim Kallas (transport).
FINLAND
Jutta Urpilainen, 38 (Social Democrat Party). Finance minister and vice-premier from 2011 to 2014 in the government of Conservative Jyrki Katainen.
Eva Biaudet, 53 (Swedish People's Party). Ombudsman for minorities since 2010, candidate in the 2012 presidential election, OSCE special representative on the issue of human trafficking, former minister for health and social affairs (1999-2000 and 2002-2003).
Sirpa Pietikäinen, 55 (Conservative Party). Environment minister from 1991 to 1995, MEP since 2008, former president of the World Federation of United Nations Associations.
NB: Olli Rehn, outgoing commissioner for economic and monetary affairs, has already been replaced by former Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen.
FRANCE
Ségolène Royal, 60 (PS/S&D). Minister for ecology and energy, ex-candidate in the presidential election and former partner of the president of the republic.
Elisabeth Guigou, 67 (PS/S&D). Former justice minister, she currently chairs the Foreign Affairs Committee at the National Assembly.
Pervenche Berès, 57 (PS/S&D). The former assistant to Laurent Fabius has spent her entire political career in Brussels as a member of the EP. She has chaired the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) and the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL).
NB: The candidate who appears to be the favourite at this stage to replace Michel Barnier (internal market and financial services) is former Finance Minister Pierre Moscovici.
GERMANY
Ursula von der Leyen, 55 (CDU/EPP). First German female defence minister, she has also been labour and social affairs minister.
Ilse Aigner, 49 (CSU/EPP). Former federal agriculture minister, she is deputy minister-president and economy minister of Bavaria.
Andrea Nahles, 44 (SPD/S&D). Federal minister of labour and social affairs and SPD secretary-general.
Johanna Wanka, 63 (CDU/EPP). Federal minister for education and research, she was formerly minister of science and culture in Brandenburg and Lower Saxony.
Barbara Hendricks, 62 (SPD/S&D). Federal minister for the environment and nuclear safety, junior federal finance minister between 1998 and 2007.
NB: Angela Merkel has renominated the outgoing Commissioner, Günther Oettinger (energy).
GREECE
Dora Bakoyannis, 60 (Democratic Alliance, right), trained as a political analyst. She is the daughter of former Prime Minister Constantinos Mitsotakis. She has been foreign minister, minister of culture and mayor of Athens.
Yanna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, 59, trained in law, nicknamed the "iron lady of Greece" because of her strong personality. She is a businesswoman and right-of-centre politician known internationally for having chaired the organising committee for the 2004 Greek Olympics in Athens.
NB: Maria Damanaki, outgoing commissioner for fisheries and maritime affairs, is not expected to be reappointed.
HUNGARY
Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's inner circle in Hungary does not seem to include any women.
NB: Tibor Navracsics, minister for public administration and justice, is likely to be appointed as commissioner.
IRELAND
Mairead McGuinness, 55 (EPP). A former journalist, she has been an MEP since 2004 with strong expertise in agricultural policy and was recently elected a Parliament vice-president.
NB: Environment Minister Phil Hogan is expected to be nominated to replace Máire Geoghegan-Quinn (research and inoovation).
ITALY
Federica Mogherini, 41 (Democratic Party/S&D). The current foreign minister is a novice in politics. Chosen by Matteo Renzi, she is one of the potential candidates for the job of EU high representative for foreign affairs, to succeed Catherine Ashton.
Roberta Pinotti, 53 (Democratic Party/S&D). She is defence minister in Matteo Renzi's government. Ex-state secretary in the government of Enrico Letta, she is the first woman to head this ministry.
NB: Outgoing Industry Commissioner Tonio Tajani, appointed by Silvio Berlusconi, has been elected as a member of the EP.
LATVIA
Sandra Kalniete, 61 (Unity). Former foreign minister (2002-2004) and commissioner for agriculture and fisheries in 2004 before being ousted by the Latvian government, she has been a member of the European Parliament since 2009.
Solvita Aboltina, 51 (Unity). Justice minister from 2004 to 2006, president of Latvia's parliament since 2010, she makes no secret of her interest in being named to the Commission.
NB: Former Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis is expected to replace Andris Piebalgs (development).
LITHUANIA
There are no credible names, apart from Dalia Grybauskaite, just re-elected president of the republic. The country has very few women ministers.
NB: Health Minister Vytenis Andriukaitis is likely to succeed Algirdas Semeta (taxation). Andriukaitis was designated by the Social Democrat Party, the leading party in office in Vilnius
LUXEMBOURG
Since the European Commission presidency is expected to go to Jean-Claude Juncker, no other name is under consideration at this stage.
MALTA
Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, 55 (Labour Party). She became president of the Republic of Malta in April 2014, after sitting as a member of Malta's parliament from 1998 to 2014. She also served as minister for the family and social solidarity.
NB: Tourism Minister Karmenu Vella is likely to be named as Malta's next commissioner. He would succeed Tonio Borg (health).
NETHERLANDS
Jeanine Antoinette Hennis-Plasschaert, 41 (CCD/ALDE). She is currently defence minister and is a former MEP.
Lilianne Ploumen, 51 (PvdA/S&D). She currently holds the job of minister for external trade and development.
NB: Two men are also in the race to succeed Neelie Kroes (Digital Agenda): Foreign Minister Frans Timmermans (to replace Catherine Ashton) and Eurogroup President Jeroen Dijsselbloem.
POLAND
Elzbieta Bienkowska, 50 (Civic Platform). Deputy prime minister, minister of infrastructure and development and former regional development minister.
Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz, 61 (Civic Platform). Mayor of Warsaw, ex-president of the National Bank of Poland and former vice-president of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Lena Kolarska-Bobinska, 66 (Civic Platform). Minister of science and higher education and former MEP.
NB: Radoslaw Sikorski, foreign affairs minister, is often cited as the possible high representative for foreign affairs or as successor to outgoing Budget Commissioner Janusz Lewandowski. Former Regional Affairs Commissioner Danuta Hübner is also mentioned.
PORTUGAL
Maria da Graca Carvalho, 59 (SDP). An MEP between 2009 and 2014, she was science minister in Barroso´s government.
Maria Luis Albuquerque, 46 (SDP). Currently finance minister.
Berta Cabral, 45 (SDP). First woman to serve as secretary of state in the Defence Ministry
ROMANIA
Rovana Plumb, 54 (Social Democratic Party). A former MEP, she is minister of labour and social protection.
Corina Cretu, 47 (Social Democratic Party). MEP since 2007, she was spokesperson for the first democratically elected president.
SLOVAKIA
Iveta Radicova, 57 (former member of Slovak Democratic and Christian Union-Democratic Party). Prime minister in 2010-2012, she has also been minister of defence and minister of labour.
Zuzana Zvolenska, 42 (Smer-SD). Health minister since 2012 and only female in cabinet.
Lucia ?itňanská, 50 (SDKU). Member of Slovak Republic’s National Council. Has been deputy prime minister and minister of justice.
NB: Outgoing Commissioner Marcos Sefcovic (institutional relations and administration) is expected to be renominated.
SLOVENIA
Alenka Bratusek, 44 (Positive Slovenia). A left-of-centre politician, she is a former prime minister of Slovenia.
Ljudmila Novak, 54 (New Slovenia/EPP). National politician and former member of the European Parliament. She was a member of the EP Committee on Culture and Education (CULT).
NB: Slovenia is holding early legislative elections on 13 July, which will no doubt influence the choice of the next commissioner set to replace Janez Potocnik (environment).
SPAIN
Esperanza Aguirre, 62 (Partido Popular). Former minister and president of the Madrid region, she is currently PP president in Madrid.
Ana Pastor, 56 (PP). Minister of public works and transport. She has had a solid career in Spanish ministries.
Luisa Fernanda Rudi, 63 (PP). Former MEP and president of Spain’s Chamber of Deputies. Currently president of the Aragon region.
Pilar del Castillo, 61 (PP). Former minister of culture and MEP since 2004. She has played an important role in telecommunications regulation.
SWEDEN
Birgitta Ohlsson, 38 (Liberal Party). Minister for European affairs since 2010 (to succeed current Commissioner Cecilia Malmström), also in charge of consumer affairs and democratic issues.
Gunilla Carlsson, 51 (Conservative Party). Minister for cooperation from 2006 until she stepped down in 2013, MEP from 1995 to 2002, EPP vice-president from 2004 to 2006.
Catharina Elmsäter-Svärd, 48 (Conservative Party). Minister of transport and infrastructure since 2010 in the Conservative government of Fredrik Reinfeldt.
Lena Ek, 56 (Centrist Party). Environment minister since 2011, MEP from 2004 to 2011, trained in law.
Maud Olofsson, 58 (Centrist Party). Minister for economy and energy from 2006 to 2011 and former vice-premier, head of the Centrist Party (ex-Agrarian) from 2001 to 2011.
UNITED KINGDOM
Theresa Villiers, 46 (Conservative). Secretary of state for Northern Ireland since 2012, previously transport minister. An MEP for six years.
Baroness Warsi, 43 (Conservative). Senior minister of state for foreign and Commonwealth affairs since 2012. Previously chair of the Conservative Party.
Caroline Spelman, 56 (Conservative). Previously secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs.
NB: Andrew Lansley, leader of the House of Commons and former health secretary, is tipped to replace Catherine Ashton as British commissioner.
Christophe Garach
Editor-in-Chief
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